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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. The Birth of the MagneGas Technology
2. Mathematical Research
3. Physical Research
4. Chemical Research
5. The Discovery of MagneGases
6. References
7. Honors

1. The Birth of the MagneGas Technology
The MagneGas technology has been developed by the Italian-American scientist Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli (see his Curriculum) following mathematics, physical chemical and then industrial research conducted over the past three decades.

A view of Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli, in June 2008 (photo by the the Italian automotive magazine QuattroRuote, reproduced under copyright authorization).

During the last years of President Carter's Administration, when at the Department of Mathematics of Harvard University, Dr. Santilli was invited by the DOE to apply for a research grant to study the foundations for possible new energies and fuels. Dr. Santilli indicated his willingness to accept the grant under the condition he would be allowed to search for basically new mathematics, physics and chemistry because available disciplines of the time were invariant under the reversal of the direction of time, while all energy releasing processes are irreversible over time. Therefore, reversible theories (such as special relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry) are indeed exact for reversible systems (such as the atomic structure, particles in accelerators, and many ,more) but, when applied to irreversible systems (such as coal combustion) lead to serious inconsistencies (the prediction that smoke and ashes reconstruct the original coal in violation of causality, energy conservation, and other basic laws).

The DOE accepted the proposed research and, in this way, Dr. Santilli was the recipient of the five DOE grants number ER-78-S-02-47420.A000, AS02-78ER04742, DE-ACO2-80ER10651, DE-ACO2-80ER-10651.A001, and DE-ACO2-80ER10651.A002. These grants permitted the discovery of the theoretical foundations of the MagneGas Technology, and are considered nowadays as signaling the birth of basically new sciences specifically built for irreversible energy releasing processes.

2. Mathematical Research
To initiate his studies under DOE support, Dr. Santilli recognized that there cannot be really new, irreversible physical and chemical theories without a really new mathematics, because all pre-existing mathematics had no time arrow, thus being itself reversible over time. Additionally, Dr. Santilli stressed that there cannot be really new irreversible mathematics without really new numbers. These studies alone required more than a decade of research of purely mathematical character, and resulted in new mathematics today technically known as Santilli iso-, geno- and hyper-mathematics, or generically has hadronic mathematics meaning a new mathematics conceived for the structure of strongly interacting particles such as protons and neutrons called "hadrons", although also applicable to the interior of any physical medium. It should be noted that hadronic mathematics consists of new numbers, new spacetime, new differential calculus, new algebras, new groups, new symmetries, etc. Mathematical maturity was reach in 1996 when a purely mathematics journal (Rendiconti Circolo Matematico Palermo) dedicated one entire issue to Santilli new mathematics.

A view of the Science Center oif Harvard University including the Department of Mathematics at its third floor, where Dr. Santilli conceived hadronic mathematics, physics and chemistry at the foundation of the MagneGas Technology.

3. Physical Research
Following the discovery of the appropriate irreversible covering of the 20th century mathematics, Dr. Santilli passed to the construction of corresponding coverings of physical theories such as special relativity and quantum mechanics, as well as their verification, when applicable, in particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics and cosmology. This additional research also required decades. The new disciplines are today known under the name of hadronic relativity and mechanics and includes a step-by-step lifting of all aspects of conventional theories into broader scientific vistas.

4. Chemical Research
Only following such a vast prior research, Dr. Santilli was finally in a position to construct the discipline truly needed for energy releasing processes, an irreversible covering of quantum chemistry, today known as Santilli hadronic chemistry, and also consists in a step-by-step irreversible covering of all various aspects of quantum chemistry, with impressive experimental verifications, such as the first numerically exact representation from un -adulterated first principle of the binding energy and other features of the Hydrogen, Water and other molecules. By comparison, conventional chemistry had missed these goals for about one century. In fact, quantum chemistry missed a historical 2% of experimental data on molecular binding energy for the hydrogen and was unable to get the sign let alone the value of the electric and magnetic moment of the water molecule. The so-called "screened Coulomb potentials" did improve the representation but rendered the words *qiuamtuim chemistry" equivocal since they no longer admit conventional quantized orbits and have other problems shown in the technical literature.

5. The Discovery of MagneGases
Back in the late 1970s, Dr. Santilli indicated to the DOE that he had no intention of searching for new fuels with the conventional molecular structure (that is, atoms bonded together by the conventional valence force) because the origin of environmental problems caused by fossil fuels s the impossibility of achieving a full combustion due to the strength of the valence bond. By contrast, Dr. Santilli indicated to the DOE his intent of searching for fuels with a new chemical com position other than that of molecular character, subject to the condition of allowing a full combustion, as an evident pre-requisite to achieve true improvement in combustion.

Following the above indicated research in pure mathematics, physics and chemistry, Dr. Santilli finally achieved in 1998 his intended goal with the discovery of a new chemical species today known as Santilli magnecules, consisting of isolated atoms H, C, O, etc., dimers HO, CH, etc. and ordinary molecules H2, CO, etc. bonded together by opposing magnetic polarities in toroidal deformations of atomic orbitals. In fact, magnetic bonds, even though stable at ambient temperature, are known to be weaker then valence bonds, and they are known to disappear at a sufficient high temperature. Therefore, all fuels with Santilli magnecular structure do have indeed full combustion because the bond of their clusters is destroyed by the combustion itself. Additionally, the energy output of fuels with magnecular structure is bigger than that of fuels with molecular structure under the same atomic constituents because of the availability in the former case of free atoms such as H and O ready to combust into H2O, while in the latter case energy is lost for the separation of H2 and O2 into H and O as a premise for their combustion into H2O.

Only following the above vast preparatory research, Dr. Santilli was finally able to search for a basically new class of fuels he called MagneFuels^TM (patented and international patents pending), the prefix "Magne" indicating the new magnecular structure as opposed to the conventional molecular composition. At that time (1998), Dr. Santilli initiated comprehensive industrial research on the selection of the most effective means for the cost competitive production of his new fuels with magnecular structure. The result was one an d only one: the use of submerged electric arcs for the gasification of liquids since no other process can compare, even partially, in efficiency. That identification signaled the birth of MagneGases that is, of various gases with Santilli magnecular structure. Industrial maturity for the cost competitive production of clean burning MagneGases requires large investments over one additional decades of industrial research and the construction of dozens of Magnegas Refineries scientifically also known as Santilli hadronic reactors to indicate that they are conceived and designed via the use of hadronic mathematics, physics and chemistry.

Following the achievement of clan burning, cost competitive fuels with the new magnecular structure, Santilli is currently completing his commitment with the DOE of the late 1970s: the search for much needed, environmentally acceptable new energies namely, energies that cannot be even conceived, let a,one treated with the 20th century sciences. SAt any rate, all energies that could be conceived via special relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry were fully identified by the middle of the 20th century and they all resulted to have environmental shortcomings. Therefore, the only serious hope for mankind to achieve the much needed new clean energy is to surpass special relativity, quantum mechanics s and quantum, chemistry (see Santilli Recyclers).

View of an underwater electric arc showing dramatic deviations from 20th centuries doctrines. For instance, Maxwell equations at the foundation of Einstein special relativity are dramatically inapplicable to an underwater arc because of lack of the longitudinal Ampere force attracting the electrodes to each other, the impossibility of representing the large electric resistance of the medium, and numerous other insufficiencies. Quantum chemistry predicts that the gas produced by an arc submerged within distilled water between graphite electrodes is composed by 50% H2 and 50% CO. But CO is combustible by producing CO2. Therefore, the combustion exhaust of a gas with 50% CO is predicted to have about 45% CO2, while the measured CO2 is of the order of 5%, thus establishing a "nine fond" error by quantum chemistry. Quantum chemistry also predicts that the combustion exhaust of said gas cannot contain appreciable oxygen, while oxygen is measured in the exhaust up to 14%, thus establishing an additional error of such a magnitude to prohibit any serious attempt of reconciliation with quantum doctrines. Numerous additional experimentally measured large deviations from special relativity, quantum mechanics and chemistry have been identified in the technical literature provided below. As Santilli puts it:

When I was in academia, I had to use Einstein's theories, quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry for all possible conditions existing in the universe. However, when within a corporate structure, any educated investor would fire me if I use the same doctrines for any energy releasing process, due to their known - but not sufficiently spoken - irreconcilable limitations, for instance, the notorious invariance over time reversal of the 20th century theories compared o the notorious irreversibility of an underwater DC electric arc, a disparity mandating the construction of irreversible coverings of 20th centuries theories as a condition for true advances in new clean energies.

After leaving Harvard University in the mid 1980s, Dr. Santilli assumed the Presidency of the Institute for Basic Research then located at the Prescott House within the compound of Harvard University, and moved to Florida in 1989, which Institute has been the main scientific conduit of the research underlying the Magnegas Technology, as one can see from the website

A partial list of scientific works dedicated to the MagneGas Technology can be found in the subsection

A comprehensive review of Dr. Santilli research is under organization in the recently founded and funded

with particular reference to the section on Dr. Santilli's scientific discoveries containing all original works in pure mathematics, theoretical physics and chemistry in free pdf download

Dr. Santilli latest post Ph. D. monographs are the following:

A summary of this scientific background in a language accessible to the general audience will be uploaded in this page at some future time.

7. Honors
Because of the unprecedented dept, breath and disparity of his discoveries, Dr. Santilli has been the recipient of numerous honors, such as:

1) A number of Gold Medals for scientific merits received in various countries;

2) The nomination dated June 9, 1990 by the Estonia Academy of Sciences of Dr. Santilli among the most illustrious applied mathematicians of all times, jointly with historical names such as Gauss, Cauchy, Hamilton, Lie, Jordan, von Neumann, and others. The Italian newspaper Il Denaro noted on page 13 of its edition of January 22, 2009: several other mathematicians have discovered individual mathematical structures, for instance, Hamilton discovered the quaternions, Jordan discovered his algebras, and Lie discovered his theory, but no other mathematician in history discovered, as Prof. Santilli did, structural generalizations of the totality of mathematics in sequential series [isotopic, genotopic, hyperstructural and isodual].

4) Dr. Santilli received in January 2009 the Gold Prize for Scientific Merit of the Mediterranean Foundation, which is one of the most prestigious European prizes awarded also to Price Albert of Monaco , France President Nicolas Sarkozy, Juan Carlos King of Spain, international architect Renzo Piano, and other famous people.

5) Numerous nominations for the Nobel Prize in Physics beginning with 1984, and, more recently, additional nominations for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.>/i> For documentations, visit the web site